Alternative Periodic Tables Information

Alternative periodic tables are tabulations of chemical elements differing significantly in their organization from the traditional depiction of the Periodic System.^[1][2] Several have been devised, often purely for didactic reasons, as not all correlations between the chemical elements are effectively captured by the standard periodic table. A 1974 review of the tables then known is considered a definitive work on the topic.^[3]

Aims

Alternative periodic tables are developed often to highlight or emphasize different chemical or physical properties of the elements which are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables. Some tables aim to emphasize both the nucleon and electronic structure of atoms. This can be done by changing the spatial relationship or representation each element has with respect to another element in the table. Other tables aim to emphasize the chemical element isolations by humans over time.

Major alternatives

Charles Janet's Left Step Periodic Table (1928) is considered to be the most significant alternative to the traditional depiction of the periodic system. It organizes elements according to orbital filling and is widely used by physicists. Its modern version, known as ADOMAH Periodic Table, (2006) is helpful for writing electron configurations.^[4]

H.G. Deming used the long periodic table in his textbook General Chemistry, which appeared in the USA for the first time in 1923 (Wiley), and was the first to designate the first two and the last five Main Groups with the notation "A", and the intervening Transition Groups with the notation "B".

This version of the periodic table was distributed for many years by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company, Skokie, Illinois, USA.:

The numeration was chosen so that the characteristic oxides of the B groups would correspond to those of the A groups. The iron, cobalt, and nickel groups were designated neither A nor B. The Noble Gas Group was originally attached (by Deming) to the left side of the periodic table. The group was later switched to the right side and usually labeled as Group VlllA.

In Theodor Benfey's periodic table (1964), the elements form a two-dimensional spiral, starting from hydrogen, and folding their way around two islands, the transition metals, and lanthanides and actinides. A superactinide island is already slotted in.^[6] The Chemical Galaxy (2004) is organized in a similar way.

In the extended periodic table, suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969, yet unknown elements are included up to atomic number 218. Helium is placed with the group 2 elements.

The oldest periodic table is the short form table of Dmitri Mendeleev, which shows secondary chemical kinships. For example, the alkali metals and the coinage metals (copper, silver, gold) are in the same column because both groups tend to have a valence of one. This format is still used by many, as shown by this contemporary Russian short form table which includes all elements and element names until roentgenium.

Timmothy Stowe's physicist's periodic table is three-dimensional with the three axes representing the principal quantum number, orbital quantum number, and orbital magnetic quantum number. Helium is again a group 2 element.

Paul Giguere's 3-D periodic table consists of 4 billboards with the elements written on the front and the back. The first billboard has the group 1 elements on the front and the group 2 elements at the back, with hydrogen and helium omitted altogether. At a 90° angle the second billboard contains the groups 13 to 18 front and back. Two more billboard each making 90° angles contain the other elements.

In the research field of superatoms, clusters of atoms have properties of single atoms of another element. It is suggested to extend the periodic table with a second layer to be occupied with these cluster compounds. The latest addition to this multi-story table is the aluminium cluster ion Al− 7, which behaves like a multivalent germanium atom.^[7]

Ronald L. Rich has proposed a periodic table where elements appear more than once when appropriate.^[8] He notes that hydrogen shares properties with group 1 elements based on valency, with group 17 elements because hydrogen is a non-metal but also with the carbon group based on similarities in chemical bonding to transition metals and a similar electronegativity. In this rendition of the periodic table carbon and silicon also appear in the same group as titanium and zirconium. An interesting new chemists' table ("Newlands Revisited") that solves many of the problems of position of hydrogen, helium and the lanthanides, etc., was published by EG Marks and JA Marks in 2010.^[9]

Gallery

• Spiral periodic table (Jan Scholten)

• Spiral periodic table (Robert W Harrison)

• Circular periodic table

• The Ring Of Periodic Elements (TROPE)

• Flower periodic table

• Pyramidal periodic table

• "Stowe" periodic table

• "Zmaczynski & Bayley" periodic table

• ADOMAH Periodic Table (V.Tsimmerman)

References

1. ^ E.R. Scerri. The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
2. ^ Henry Bent. New Ideas in Chemistry from Fresh Energy for the Periodic Law. AuthorHouse, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4259-4862-7
3. ^ Mazurs, E. G. Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years. Alabama; University of Alabama Press, 1974. ISBN 0-8173-3200-6.
4. ^ Philip J. Stewart: Charles Janet: unrecognized genius of the periodic system. Foundations of Chemistry. January, 2009. ISSN 1386-4238 (Print) ISSN 1572-8463 (Online), Vol.12, No.1 April 2010;
5. ^ WebElements : The Janet Periodic Table.
6. ^ Benfey's table appears in an article by Glenn Seaborg, "Plutonium: The Ornery Element", Chemistry, June 1964, 37 (6), 12-17, on p. 14.
7. ^ Beyond The Periodic Table Metal clusters mimic chemical properties of atoms Ivan Amato Chemical & Engineering News November 21, 2006 Link
8. ^ Rich, Ronald L. J. Chem. Educ. 2005 82 1761
9. ^ Foundations of Chemistry 2010, 12: 85-93 Newlands revisited: a display of the periodicity of the chemical elements for chemists.

Further reading

• Hjørland, Birger (2011). The periodic table and the philosophy of classification. Knowledge Organization, 38(1), 9-21. Retrieved 2011-03-13 from: http://ucla.academia.edu/EricScerri/Papers/432740/Forum%5FThe%5FPhilosophy%5Fof%5FClassification

External links

• Robert Harrison's modern spiral periodic table
• Janet's Left Step Periodic Table
• Correction to Physicist periodic table offered by Jeries Rihani as Meitnerium occupies the position that Hassium should have.
• A Wired Article on Alternate Periodic Tables
• A Selection of Periodic Tables
• http://periodicspiral.com/ arranges the periodic table in a (hexagonal) spiral.
• Rotaperiod.com A new periodic table.
• Note on the T-shirt topology of the Z-spiral.
• New Periodic Table of the Elements this is in a square-triangular periodic arrangement.
• Periodic Table based on electron configurations
• Database of Periodic Tables
• Periodic Fractal of the Elements
• Bob Doyle Periodic Table of the Elements A regrouping by properties that suggests a maximum of 120 elements.
• Earth Scientist's Periodic Table

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